In around 2000 B.C., migration of people who perhaps originally inhabited the Caspian Sea region began to different parts of Europe and Asia. These people are called Indo-European speaking people as they spoke languages to the Indo European family of languages. They are also called as Aryans.

A branch of people called as Imdo-Aryans, came to India about 1500 B.C. The occupations of Aryans were agriculture and cattle raising and  they had no experience with urban culture.

The Aryans lived in tribes and spoke Sanskrit, which is a language of Indo-European group. They worshipped the forces of nature such as the God of rain, Sun (Surya), Wind (Varuna), and Thunder (Indra). These Gods gave rain so the people believed ripened their crops and helped to defeat enemies.

Punjab was the first permanent home of the Aryans in India. The hymns of the Rigveda were composed here. They moved from Punhab to eastward and spread all over the Gangetic valley and moved southwards as far as the Vindhya Mountains. Later, they went to other parts of India. They inter-married with the local inhabitants, and the Indian culture that began was a mixture of elements of Vedic  and pre-vedic cultures.

When the Aryans settled in India, they were divided into a number of small tribes, which fought with one another and with the earlier inhabitants. In course of time small states were formed, which were ruled by kings or aristocracies. By the 6th century B.C., larger states, both kingdoms and republics developed.